Austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, or ferric-austenitic structures may be present in cast stainless steels (duplex). The content of a certain grade mostly determines its structure. While carbon, nickel, nitrogen, and manganese enhance the creation of austenite, chromium, molybdenum, and silicon promote the formation of ferrite (a magnetic material) (non-magnetic).

Particularly crucial in determining microstructure are the metals chromium (a ferrite and martensite promoter), nickel, and carbon (austenite promoters). Straight chromium grades of high-alloy cast steel are often either martensitic or ferritic, chromium-nickel grades are typically either duplex or austenitic, and nickel-chromium steels are entirely austenitic.

stainless steel castings

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